Headlights
Headlights in the jeep's lighting system occupy a central place. They illuminate the road in front of the jeep, and also serve to detect the jeep and its intentions by other road users. All this provides the necessary level of safety and comfort.
The headlamp combines, as a rule, several lighting devices in one package: a dipped-beam headlamp, a high-beam headlamp, a tail lamp, a turn indicator lamp, daytime running lights (if available). The combined design is called the headlight . The main lighting devices in it are headlights low and high beam. The headlights also include fog lights, which are installed separately.
Dipped headlights are essential for driving in the dark. It is characterized by an asymmetric character (the light beam is stretched along the right side), the presence of the cut-off border (the shadow region is higher, the bright region is below a certain boundary). In the dipped headlamp a compromise is realized between blinding other drivers within reasonable limits and a fairly high level of illumination.
High beam headlights provide the maximum range of illumination of the road, because has no limitations. On the other hand, the high-beam headlamp creates maximum blindness for other drivers, therefore it is limited in use. Adaptive lighting system significantly increases the efficiency of the use of high beam on the jeep.
The jeep headlights of a modern time are sophisticated technical systems and in their own way works of art. They are individual for each new car model. Depending on the configuration of the car may have several designs of headlights. Leading automotive lighting manufacturers are Hella, Al-Automotive Lighting, Philips.
The headlamp combines, as a rule, several lighting devices in one package: a dipped-beam headlamp, a high-beam headlamp, a tail lamp, a turn indicator lamp, daytime running lights (if available). The combined design is called the headlight . The main lighting devices in it are headlights low and high beam. The headlights also include fog lights, which are installed separately.
Dipped headlights are essential for driving in the dark. It is characterized by an asymmetric character (the light beam is stretched along the right side), the presence of the cut-off border (the shadow region is higher, the bright region is below a certain boundary). In the dipped headlamp a compromise is realized between blinding other drivers within reasonable limits and a fairly high level of illumination.
High beam headlights provide the maximum range of illumination of the road, because has no limitations. On the other hand, the high-beam headlamp creates maximum blindness for other drivers, therefore it is limited in use. Adaptive lighting system significantly increases the efficiency of the use of high beam on the jeep.
The jeep headlights of a modern time are sophisticated technical systems and in their own way works of art. They are individual for each new car model. Depending on the configuration of the car may have several designs of headlights. Leading automotive lighting manufacturers are Hella, Al-Automotive Lighting, Philips.
The classic headlight combines a light source, a reflector and a lens. The following light sources are used in the headlights: incandescent lamp, halogen lamp, gas discharge lamp, LEDs.
Incandescent lamp is a tungsten filament placed in a glass flask. When the lamp is in operation, the filament is heated, which is accompanied by evaporation of tungsten from the surface. The thread thins and eventually burns out. In addition, the evaporation of tungsten darkens the lamp.
Light sources are characterized by several parameters: voltage, power, luminous flux. Derivative of these parameters is the light output ( luminous flux per unit of power ), serving as a kind of indicator of the effectiveness and efficiency of the lamp.
The reflector, depending on the type of headlamp, provides reflection of the light from the source directly onto the road or the optical lens. The reflector is made of plastic or metal. More versatile plastic reflectors, allowing you to create any geometric shape. A thin layer of aluminum is deposited on the surface of the reflector.
Particulate filter
On passenger cars with a diesel engine in the composition of the exhaust system since 2000, a particulate filter is used. With the introduction of Euro-5 standards in January 2011, the use of a diesel particulate filter on passenger cars with a diesel engine is mandatory
Diesel Particulate Filter (Diesel Particulate Filter, DPF, Filtre a Particules, FAP, German RubPartikelFilter, RPF) is designed to reduce the emission of soot particles into the atmosphere with exhaust gases. The use of the filter allows to reduce soot particles in the exhaust gases to 99.9%.
In a diesel engine, soot is formed during incomplete combustion of fuel. Soot particles have a size of from 10 nm to 1 micron. Each particle consists of a carbon core with which hydrocarbons, metal oxides, sulfur and water are combined. The specific composition of soot is determined by the mode of operation of the engine and the composition of the fuel.
In the exhaust system, the diesel particulate filter is located behind the catalytic converter . In a number of designs, the diesel particulate filter is combined with an oxidative-type catalytic converter and is located immediately behind the exhaust manifold , where the temperature of the exhaust gases is maximum. It is called a catalytic coated diesel particulate filter.
The main structural element of the particulate filter is the matrix, which is made of ceramics (silicon carbide). The matrix is placed in a metal case. The ceramic matrix has a cellular structure consisting of channels of small cross section, alternately closed on one side and the other. The side walls of the channels have a porous structure and play the role of a filter.
In the cross section of the cell matrix are square. More perfect are the input cells of octagonal shape. They have a larger surface area (compared to output cells), allow more exhaust gas to pass through and provide a longer service life for the particulate filter.
In the operation of the diesel particulate filter, two successive stages are distinguished: filtration and regeneration of carbon black. When filtering captures particles of soot and settling them on the walls of the filter. The greatest difficulty for retention is represented by soot particles of small size (from 0.1 to 1 micron). Their share is small (up to 5%), but these are the most dangerous emissions for humans. Modern particulate filters delay these particles.
Soot particles accumulated during filtration create an obstacle to exhaust gases, which leads to a decrease in engine power. Therefore, it is periodically necessary to clean the filter from accumulated soot or regeneration. There are passive and active regeneration of the particulate filter. In modern filters, passive and active regeneration is usually used.
Winter Season 4-season Tires,
a Good Choice?
If you live in Quebec, you probably know that since 2008, it is mandatory for all passenger vehicles to be equipped with tires "designed specifically for winter driving" between December 15 and March 15. Citizens who do not comply with this law face a $ 200 fine. Quebec is however the only province to have such a law .
Since 2014, all winter tires must bear the pictogram representing a snowflake in a mountain, developed by the Canadian rubber industry in collaboration with Transport Canada. But it's not just tires called "winter" that sport this famous icon; other tires also wear it: winter season 4-season tires. These meet the minimum standards imposed by law, but are they a good investment?
A winter-certified 4-season tire, what is it exactly?
Although they have been gaining popularity in Canada for a few years now, winter-season 4-season tires are not adapted to the needs of all Quebecers. Whatever they wear the snowflake and mountain pictogram, a sign that they comply with minimum safety standardsset by the Canadian Tire and Rubber Association, winter-season 4-season tires are not specifically designed for the cold season. Their gum is stiffer than that of winter tires, so less sticky on the ice. As for their sole, it is less aggressive than that of winter tires, which gives it less traction in the snow. To give you an idea, winter-season 4-season tires are said to have an average of 10% more traction than a conventional summer tire. And, since their rubber is not completely adapted to hot temperatures, it wears out more quickly in the summer. In summary, winter-season 4-season tires offer acceptable performance all year round, but can be dangerous under certain conditions. Check out also the best tires for jeep wrangler for further info.
Why choose winter approved 4 season tires?
Generally, people who choose this type of tire do so to avoid installation and uninstallation at seasonal changes. Some prefer them because buying a set of tires dedicated to winter is too much of an investment. Others consider that winter tires are not essential since they live in urban areas. If you live in a rural area or in a region that receives a lot of snow, we do not advise you to opt for winter-season 4-season tires. In fact, no matter where you live, when you shop for the winter, it's important to consider the weather in your area, your mileage, and your usage.
Who are the 4 season tires approved for winter?
Certainly, winter season 4 season tires are not for everyone! However, if you only use your vehicle on an occasional basis or if it is possible for you to stay home when winter conditions are too severe, winter-season 4-season tires may be an option to consider. In addition, if you live in a big city and have very little road to go, you might consider putting your vehicle on this kind of tires. In this way, you will not have to invest in a set of winter tires and you will not spend on bi-annual tire changes!
Since 2014, all winter tires must bear the pictogram representing a snowflake in a mountain, developed by the Canadian rubber industry in collaboration with Transport Canada. But it's not just tires called "winter" that sport this famous icon; other tires also wear it: winter season 4-season tires. These meet the minimum standards imposed by law, but are they a good investment?
A winter-certified 4-season tire, what is it exactly?
Although they have been gaining popularity in Canada for a few years now, winter-season 4-season tires are not adapted to the needs of all Quebecers. Whatever they wear the snowflake and mountain pictogram, a sign that they comply with minimum safety standardsset by the Canadian Tire and Rubber Association, winter-season 4-season tires are not specifically designed for the cold season. Their gum is stiffer than that of winter tires, so less sticky on the ice. As for their sole, it is less aggressive than that of winter tires, which gives it less traction in the snow. To give you an idea, winter-season 4-season tires are said to have an average of 10% more traction than a conventional summer tire. And, since their rubber is not completely adapted to hot temperatures, it wears out more quickly in the summer. In summary, winter-season 4-season tires offer acceptable performance all year round, but can be dangerous under certain conditions. Check out also the best tires for jeep wrangler for further info.
Why choose winter approved 4 season tires?
Generally, people who choose this type of tire do so to avoid installation and uninstallation at seasonal changes. Some prefer them because buying a set of tires dedicated to winter is too much of an investment. Others consider that winter tires are not essential since they live in urban areas. If you live in a rural area or in a region that receives a lot of snow, we do not advise you to opt for winter-season 4-season tires. In fact, no matter where you live, when you shop for the winter, it's important to consider the weather in your area, your mileage, and your usage.
Who are the 4 season tires approved for winter?
Certainly, winter season 4 season tires are not for everyone! However, if you only use your vehicle on an occasional basis or if it is possible for you to stay home when winter conditions are too severe, winter-season 4-season tires may be an option to consider. In addition, if you live in a big city and have very little road to go, you might consider putting your vehicle on this kind of tires. In this way, you will not have to invest in a set of winter tires and you will not spend on bi-annual tire changes!